- Клименко, Наталія Геннадіївна (orcid.org/0000-0002-1897-3201) (2024) Personal and professional behavior styles as a factor in women's attitude to money Masters thesis, Інститут психології імені Г.С. Костюка.
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Abstract
Klymenko, N. G. Personal and professional behavior styles as a factor in women's attitude to money. - A qualifying scientific work, manuscript. A thesis for the scientific degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of knowledge 05 - social and behavioral sciences, specialty 053 - psychology. – G. S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2024. The thesis theoretically substantiates and experimentally studies personal and professional behavior styles as a factor in women's attitude to money. This study will contribute to the development of women's conscious attitude to money. The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, appendices, and a list of references. The first chapter reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of the research. It was determined that the concept of "money" has an interdisciplinary character and is the research subject of many sciences. Psychological aspects of money are studied in the field of economic psychology. It is emphasized that money plays an important role in personal social interactions, because if a person does not have well-formed ideas about money or has inadequate money attitudes, or does not have developed skills in handling money, then this person may have significant difficulties with social interactions. The concept of "attitude towards money" as a component of a system of personal attitudes and its relationship with women's life scenarios were studied. The main approaches to the study of ways of development of the attitude to money were defined. The factors in attitude to money were analyzed at the macro, meso, and micro levels. Special attention was given to "internal" micro-level factors. Based on the concepts related to the individual's attitude to money (A. Furnham, 1984 and T. Tang, 1993), the following definitions were used as the basis of this research: money beliefs are certain ideas and knowledge that act as personal motives in money-related situations and determine personal subjective attitude to money; money attitudes are an unconscious personal readiness, an individual's tendency to perceive, understand, and/or act in a certain way regarding money in accordance with the personal past experience. Based on the available scientific literature, the following components of women's attitudes to money, which were formed as a result of personal experience in handling money and interacting with other people about money, were highlighted: money obsession, power, frugality, and inadequate money behavior, which belonged to money beliefs, and money as good, money as evil, money as a means of success achieving, money as a respect factor, planning expenses, money as a freedom and power factor, which belonged to money attitude types. The impact of gender stereotypes on women's attitudes to money, the features of women's life scenarios and stereotypes about working women were analyzed. The types of domestic violence (physical, psychological, economic and sexual) against women were studied, with the emphasis on economic domestic violence. The gender-oriented approach to the psychological help for employees was also considered. Based on the works of foreign and Ukrainian authors, the content and features of the personal and professional behavior styles of women were defined, the main approaches to the study of personal and professional styles were analyzed, and the concepts of transactional analysis, which each behavior style was based on, were considered in detail. Thus, it was stated that personal styles are based on the concept of "Ego-states" by E. Berne (1961), according to which each of the "I" states corresponds to the respective thoughts, feelings and behaviors that are manifested when interacting with other people (five varieties of "I"). It was also shown that work styles are based on the concept of "drivers" by T. Kahler (1975), according to which "drivers" are unconscious attempts to behave in such a way as to gain recognition from others and are manifested in as unconscious models of scripted behavior in personal and professional activities (five types of driving behavior). It was also demonstrated that life styles are based on the concept of "life positions" by E. Berne (1961), according to which a life position is a stable, internally realized system of a person's views on their life as a concept, on their activities, attitudes to the society, themselves and the world (the so-called four life positions, or existential positions, or life settings). Thus, the concept of "personal and professional behavior styles" is based on three fundamental concepts of transactional analysis ("Ego-states", "Drivers", and "Life positions"). It was determined that personal and professional behavior styles represent a person's accepted system of views on life and their place in it, which is based on decisions made in childhood when interacting with close and significant people, and which is manifested in a certain pattern of behavior. According to the theory and practice of transactional analysis, these behavior styles are imprinted in the personal life scenario, which is formed before the age of 7. It was substantiated that the personal and professional behavior styles of women are an important factor in the formation of women's attitudes to money. It is emphasized that understanding their own personal and professional behavior styles can help women correct their destructive behavioral patterns, go beyond gender stereotypes and scenario limitations, and also consciously direct their efforts to achieve social and professional well-being. “Theoretical model of personal and professional behavior styles as a factor in women's attitudes to money" was built. The model includes the following blocks: 1) women's attitudes to money and their structural components (types of money beliefs, types of money attitudes); 2) personal and professional styles of women's behavior (personal styles, work styles, life styles). The second chapter presents the results of the assessment stage of the research. The research was conducted using the "Set of tools to study personal and professional behavior styles as a factor in women's attitudes to money." The set included three groups of instruments to assess: a) money beliefs and money attitudes of women; b) personal and professional behavior styles of women; c) characteristics of women. At the first sub-stage of the research, the attitude of women to money (types of money beliefs and types of money attitudes) and their values in different categories of women were studied. In particular, the empirical research found that the respondents had an average level of all types of money beliefs (money obsession, power, economy, inappropriate money behavior) and types of money attitudes (money as good, money as a means of achieving success, money as a freedom and power factor, money as a respect factor; money as evil). At the same time, the respondents had certain tendencies towards: a) money devaluation; b) uneconomical handling of money; c) perceiving money as good; d) money idealization; e) poor expenditure planning. It was found that women's attitudes to money had a statistically significant relationship, both positive and negative, with different categories of women. Young women were more economical than older women; married women were less economical than unmarried women; mothers were less economical than childless women; women who rented apartments were more prone to "money obsession" than those owing apartments; women with a higher level of education were more inclined to believe that money is a respect factor; women in higher job positions were not inclined to treat money as evil. The second sub-stage of the research was devoted to the study of women's personal and professional behavior styles (personal styles, work styles, life styles) and their relationships with women's attitudes to money (types of money beliefs, types of money attitudes). When measuring the levels of women's personal behavior styles, it was found that the "functional adult", "natural child", and "parent-educator" personal behavior styles were at a high level, which may suggest the women's tendency to analyze the situation "here and now", self-express and care for others. "Parent-controller" and "Adaptive child" were at a lower level, which may suggest difficulties in women's structuring various processes and adapting to new living conditions. When measuring the levels of women's work styles, it was found that "Be perfect" and "Please others" were the leading work styles of women. These styles were characterised by women's excessive demands on themselves and striving to satisfy the needs of other people, even at the expense of their own needs, which has long been supported by society's gender stereotypes about female sacrifice. "Be strong" work style, which is characterised by women’s unwillingness to strain and withstand heavy workloads, was shown to be at a low level. When measuring women's lifestyles, it was found that women mainly had a positive focus on interaction and victory and were self-confident. They could also use different lifestyles according to the circumstances they found themselves in, and were not only confident, but also aggressive, helpful and indifferent. It was found that "I'm ok - You're ok (Confident)" lifestyle was at the highest level. Statistically significant relationships, both positive and negative, were found between women's personal behavior styles ("Parent-controller"; "Parent-educator"; "Functional adult"; "Natural child"; "Adaptive child"), work styles ("Be perfect", "Make others happy", "Try", "Be strong", "Hurry up"), and life styles ("I'm ok - You're ok (Confident)"; "I'm not ok - You're ok (Helpful)"; "I'm ok - You're not ok (Aggressive)"; "I'm not ok - You're not ok (Indifferent)") and types of women's money beliefs (money obsession, power, frugality, inappropriate money behavior) and types of money attitudes (money as good, money as evil, money as a means of achieving success, money as a respect factor, planning expenses, money as a freedom and power factor). The third chapter presents the results of the training stage of the research, which was dedicated to developing a training program "Psychology of women's attitudes to money" was developed and tested. The training program consisted of the following five training sessions: "The essence of money and the role of money beliefs in the life of an individual; "The role of life position in the development of women's attitudes to money"; "The impact of women's personal and work behavior styles on women's attitudes to money"; "Gender aspects of attitude to money"; "Money as a component of the organizational scenario." In accordance with the technological approach of L. Karamushka (2022), each training session consisted of three blocks: a) informational block (focused mainly on developing trainees' knowledge about the content of money and its functions, personal and professional behavior styles, gender aspects of attitude to money, money in the context of organizational culture (organizational scenario); b) diagnostic block (oriented mainly on the analysis of women's attitudes to money, women's personal and professional behavior styles, women's gender stereotypes about the nature of money); c) developmental block (focused mainly on trainees' development of the skills and abilities necessary to form conscious attitudes to money). The results of the experimental run of the training program "Psychology of women's attitudes to money" testified to its effectiveness in and advisability for the development of women's conscious attitudes to money in organizations and women psychological projects. In addition, the obtained data can be used by psychologists, counselors and therapists with the aim of developing women's conscious attitudes to money. The research has a scientific novelty because it is the first known study to define the content and main components of women's attitudes to money, to reveal the essence, types and role of personal and professional styles in the development of women's attitudes to money, to show the relationships between different women's personal and professional behavior styles and women's attitudes to money. Besides, the author developed a training program to form women's conscious attitudes to money, specified the content of and factors in women's attitudes to money and deepened the understanding of training programs for the development of individuals' conscious attitudes to money. The research has practical significance because its findings can be used for training women in a variety of settings (organizations, therapeutic groups, individual counseling) in developing their conscious attitudes to money. In addition, the results of the research can be helpful in teaching the courses in economic psychology, organizational psychology, money psychology, gender psychology, and entrepreneurial psychology in institutions of higher and postgraduate education.
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