- Горностай, П.П. (orcid.org/0000-0003-2327-6213) (2026) The impunity phenomenon in history and the justice principle Проблеми політичної психології, 19 (33). pp. 7-28. ISSN 2411-1449
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Abstract
Introduction. A feature of the modern historical and political situation is the total crisis of international law. The task of modern social sciences, in particular social, political and historical psychology, is to find effective tools for implementing the updated principles of international law, providing them with scientific (not only political and legal, but also psychological) justification and support. The purpose is to describe and analyze examples of the implementation of the impunity principle and the inevitability of punishment principle for the most serious historical collective crimes; to identify noticeable trends in the consequences of their implementation; based on this analysis, to draw a conclusion about possible historical and psychological patterns. Methodology and scientific approaches. The main scientific approaches are historical and political psychology. Research methods are based mainly on the analysis of documents and historical facts, as well as on the analysis and synthesis of scientific achievements in various fields and directions. Main results. In world political history, there are two principles of legal regulation of relations between people and groups: 1) the principle of impunity; 2) the principle of inevitability of punishment. To find out how they affect history, we examined 3 “lines of impunity”: “Muscovy – Russian Empire – USSR – Russian Federation”; “Bolshevism-Stalinism – Maoism – communist regimes – Putinism”; “Holodomor – Holocaust”. Conclusions we made based on the study: Progressive forces have always won in all global conflicts. The creation of international tribunals for collective crimes has always had positive consequences, at least for those involved. Avoidance of punishment, “partial” conviction, or violation of the principle of justice, as a rule, led to resentment, and from it to revanchism. The transition from a democratic system to a totalitarian one is possible in a legal way. The reverse transition in a legal way is usually impossible. All states and societies that have chosen a democratic path of development enjoy economic growth and the development of all public and social spheres. The democratic perspective carries within itself a resource capable of neutralizing the effects of patterns associated with impunity and violation of the principle of justice. Conclusions: The results obtained significantly expand the research issues in the field of psychology of collective traumas, offer new research tools and practical means for solving urgent problems of the modern socio-political situation. The prospect of further research lies in the development of a socio-psychological theory of the historical-cultural picture of the world.
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